Versus

“Calorie” vs. “calorie”

Common English Blunders, Nouns, Versus

I often see these two words used interchangeably.

Problem:
These two nouns are not synonyms.

Explanation:
Identical pronunciation of these two nouns makes them homophones, as noted at Wikipedia.

The word “calorie” — with a lowercase “c” — means an amount of heat equal to 4.184 joules.

In case you do not remember your basic physics, one “joule” refers to the work done by a force of one newton acts through a distance of one meter or to the current of one ampere passed for one second through a resistance of one ohm.

The word “Calorie” — with a capital “C” — means 1000 calories (with a lowercase “c”), also known as a “kilocalorie” (also with a lowercase “c”).

The common English blunder is to write “Calorie” — with a capital “C” — as “calorie” — with a lowercase “c” — when referring to the energy value of a food item.

For example, a “2000-calories-per-day diet” — with a lowercase “c” — would provide almost no energy and might have been suitable for Mahatma Gandhi when he was on a hunger strike.

Aside: I recently saw a beautifully shot movie titled “Water” that weaves Gandhi into a story set in India. The story was fascinating and touching, and the acting was excellent. I highly recommend it!

In contrast, a “2000-Calories-per-day diet” — with a capital “C” — would be on the order of magnitude of what many adults require to maintain their body weights.

Solution:
Remember that capital “C” is larger than lowercase “c”, just as “Calorie” with a capital “C” is larger — in fact, one thousand times larger — than “calorie” with a lowercase or small “c”. When referring to the energy value of food, use “Calorie” with a capital “C”.

“carat” vs. “caret” vs. “carrot” vs. “karat”

Nouns, Versus

I sometimes see two or three of these nouns used interchangeably.

Problem:
Most Americans pronounce these nouns in the same way, but they have distinct meanings.

Explanation:
I confess that I do not make any distinctions in pronunciation of these four nouns, but I am sure that some people do.

My excuse for identical pronunciations is that all four nouns have the emphasis on the first syllable, and this makes it more difficult to pronounce different endings differently.

As noted at Wikipedia, identical pronunciation of these four nouns makes them homophones.

Nobody can pronounce the A-T word “carat” — starting with a “c” — differently than the A-T word “karat” — starting with a “k” — but these two nouns do have different meanings.

Here are the definitions of these four nouns:

  • “carat” — spelled C-A-R-A-T and abbreviated “ct.” — means a unit of mass for precious stones, equal to 200 milligrams. A five-carat diamond has a mass of one gram. The 3,106.75-carat Cullinan diamond, purportedly the largest rough, gem-quality diamond in the world, had a mass of 621.35 grams.
  • “caret” — spelled C-A-R-E-T — means a proofreader’s mark (^) made in written or printed matter to indicate where something is missing. The noun “caret” is the third-person, singular form of the Latin verb “carere”, which means to lack, so there is lacking is the literal meaning of “caret” in Latin.
  • “carrot” — spelled C-A-R-R-O-T — means Daucus carota, the name of a species of plant in the parsley family. The origin of “carrot” can be traced to words that meant “horn” or “head”.
  • “karat” — spelled K-A-R-A-T and abbreviated “kt.” — means a unit of measure for the purity of a gold alloy, equal to 1/24 part. Pure gold is 24-karat gold; an alloy containing 50% gold is 12-karat gold.

There is a tricky part when it comes to the two nouns that end with A-T. Americans and Canadians favor the “c” word to refer to mass and favor the “k” word to refer to gold purity, but English writers elsewhere often use the “c” word — that is, C-A-R-A-T — to refer to mass and to gold purity.

This means that “24-carat ring” — spelled with a “c” instead of a “k” — could refer, especially outside the U.S. and Canada, either to a ring that weighs 24/200 grams or to a ring made of pure gold.

Personally, I would prefer a “24-karat ring” — with a “k” — over a “24-carat ring” — with a “c”. Buyer beware!

Solution:
Use the fact that “carat” (C-A-R-A-T) comes before “karat” (K-A-R-A-T) in the dictionary and the fact that “diamond” comes before “gold” in the dictionary to remember that the “c” word goes with diamonds and that the “k” word goes with gold. Use the “e” in “proofreading” to remember the “e” in “caret” (C-A-R-E-T). Finally, remember that vegetables rot when writing “carrot” (C-A-R-R-O-T).

“Relay” vs. “Re-lay”

Hyphens, Verbs, Versus

I thought about these two words after my wife this morning talked about removing and replacing some floor tiles.

Problem:
Although the two verbs sound alike, only one of them refers to the process of removing and replacing something.

Explanation:
The verb “relay” — spelled R-E-L-A-Y — means to carry or pass along by or as if by relays.

The verb “re-lay” — spelled R-E-HYPHEN-L-A-Y — means to lay again.

In other words, one can not “relay” — without the hyphen — floor tiles.

Instead, one must “re-lay” — with the hyphen — floor tiles.

However, because the two verbs sound alike, one must have the context of an expression or sentence to determine whether the heard verb is “relay” — without the hyphen — or “re-lay” — with the hyphen.

Solution:
Use the verb “relay” — without the hyphen — when referring to the noun “relay”. Use the verb “re-lay” — with the hyphen — when referring to laying something again.